Tom Carr and The Symbology of Forms: The Circle
Tom Carr’s work stands out due to the beauty of its simplicity of forms which paradoxically adds to it a markedly conceptual complexity. Carr is the heir – he could not help but be one – of those artists who like Kandinsky, Klee or Malevich were characterized in the first decades of the twentieth century by their capacity to generate creations in which formal elements were full of symbolic and spiritual contents.
Throughout his career, Tom Carr has been producing numerous works, of small and large format, sculptures for interiors and large monumental pieces, as well as works in which powerful floodlights create configurations on facades of buildings. Obviously, Carr’s work as a whole is characterized by originality and experimentation. Its spatial conception seems to prevail over any other aspect. However, in its totality, one is aware that even if the artist is concerned with formal aspects, he is more concerned about issues of content. The search for meanings precedes the implementation of forms, since Carr needs to express important questions that have always concerned humankind.
In this sense, it must be noted that his forms possess clear symbolic meaning and, therefore, are impregnated with such an energetic content that they succeed in irradiating from their center to first affect the artist himself and then those of us who approach them as spectators.
Among all the forms that Carr refers to in his creations in very different ways, the circle is undoubtedly one of the most representative due to its inherently formal character as well as to its elevated and deeply symbolic content. Throughout the history of art and in all artistic styles, the circle has always been present, and even before. As will be remembered, in prehistoric cave paintings, numerous instances of circular configurations can already be found. Also, in megalithic architecture we find circular menhir alignments called cromlechs which, like the one in Stonehenge, were temples dedicated to the sun where rituals of a votive and religious character must have been carried out.
The imagos clipeatas in Roman reliefs, especially the funerary ones on sarcophagi, turn out to be extremely impressive most of the time since in them aspects are discovered that do not derive only from the importance that the individual within the circle may have had during his life, but also their symbolic meaning is noted as these aspects become an exponent of the connection that the represented individual has with the beyond and, especially, with what links him or her to that location.
Also, we must not forget that the form of the medieval mandorla, which so often represents Jesus Christ as the savior of the world, is but the resulting configuration of the intersection of two circles. As will be recalled, the rose windows also proliferated in the Middle Ages in Romanesque churches and Gothic cathedrals, and their symbolic meaning is very clear. They symbolize heaven.
Later, in Renaissance architecture the dome was adopted and its spherical configuration had an identical meaning to that of rose windows. In painting some artists opted for tondos. It suffices to remember Michelangelo’s Doni Tondo where the Holy Family appears.
There are so many examples in which the circle is unarguably featured to which we could refer to in the formal and conceptual analysis of past time art – circular compositions like Leonardo da Vinci’s Adoration of the Magi or Bosco’s Crowning with Thorns, the inclusion of multiple and varied circular objects like Van Eyck’s painted mirror in The Arnolfini Marriage, crownings of saints, angels and archangels – that we actually perceive how important for tradition the meaning of such configuration has been.
But, what happens with the advent of the twentieth century? Religious iconography practically vanishes from the art scenario; what’s more, figuration disappears. Nevertheless, the circle does not only not vanish, but it acquires an essential prominence from the standpoint of Gestalt psychology.
Studies done by contemporary artists like Kandinsky, who gave to the circle new and surprising meanings, cannot be put aside since they have impregnated the formal world of art up to our present day. Point and Line to Plane as an art theory helped consolidate since the very moment of its publication in 1925 in the heart of the Bauhaus aesthetic the idea that the point – the circle – is the origin of all compositions. For Joan Miró, for instance, that was also the case. Suffice it to recall La Masia (1922) to ascertain it. Conversely, Klee proposed the line as the composition’s origin, but we must not forget that the line is but a succession of points, or else the point in motion.
Having reached this point, could it be stated that these first avant-guard artists chose to restrict the meaning of the circle, as opposed to the one it had had for centuries or even thousands of years in art? Was it only a matter of delving into the sheerly gestalt possibilities of the circle? Absolutely not. Kandinsky himself had experienced an evolution since his 1912 compendium of theories entitled Concerning the Spiritual in Art. Thus, consequently, it is not surprising that he even stated, while he was lecturing in Bauhaus, that the circle corresponds with blue, the triangle is yellow and the square, red. To establish such correspondences it is absolutely essential to do so from the very symbolism of forms, as it is otherwise impossible. The blue color of the circle comes from its association with the sky, that is to say, with perfection; the yellow color of the triangle evokes illumination and elevation towards the superior; and the square’s red color refers to the ground due to its contact with living beings, and it is obvious that they are characterized by the life they possess, which is ultimately their red blood.
Not very far from those symbolic interpretations we find Kasimir Malevich’s suprematist theories, who also introduced numerous circular elements in his abstract creations. He planned in advance to have in his own morgue a black circle painted on a white canvass, which should be hanging over his death bed, thus turning it into a clear element of connection between earthly life and the beyond as a place of perfection, where there is no longer physical or spiritual sorrow.
The Circle in Tom Carr’s Work
At the beginning of the nineties, Tom Carr refines the forms of his works of sculpture and begins to produce a complete series of pieces in painted wood of different sizes, in which the circle is the essential element. Among them, the following ones stand out: Mobile-Stabile, Aqua et tempus and Cerclatge d´espai. If in the first two the circles are assembled like wedges penetrating each other and displacing space, in the third one, however, a structure in annular form encloses the empty space. A somewhat posterior work is Cylinder (1992), a monumental sculpture of steel, commissioned for the Villa Olímpica in Barcelona. Despite the work structure being, as its title indicates, a cylinder, the circle is also a significant part of the piece since in both ends of the cylinder configuration the circumferences that contain the empty inner space can also be appreciated.
By mid-nineties, Carr begins an interesting series which includes works like In-tense or Memory of a sun, both in painted wood and cord. What is essential in them, apart from the circular configuration, what characterizes them is their ethereal appearance, very close to immateriality, derived from the use of cord. Similar in their conception to some of Vladimir Tatlin’s contra-reliefs, these works of Carr organize space as a discontinuity, extremely fluent and capable of generating new sensations in the perception of the surrounding space.
As a result of the evolution of this type of creations, Carr carried out in 2002 a really impressive work in painted wood and mirror, whose measurements vary and can adapt to the different sites where it is to be exhibited. Its title Ad infinitum already suggests the idea that the work could never conclude and become in this way something analogous to what Brancusi had projected in his Endless Column.
Ad infinitum is conceived to be a work made up of three wooden circumferences painted in bright, intense red. The first of these circumferences, the biggest, several inches above the ground, hardly touches one of the points on the wall at the left. Through the big circular orifice in the center, the spectator can perceive the other two circumferences. The arrangement of the second one with respect to the wall is somewhat different, since not only does it lean upon it, but it is literally introduced into it. Thus, its perimeter cannot be completed and this causes a slight displacement towards the left. Through its circular orifice in the center, the third circumference can be seen. This one is again like the first: it only leans upon the wall. Lastly, there is a circular mirror behind that piece. If one places oneself before the set, putting one’s head right in the center of the first circle, one will be able to see one’s face reflected in the mirror and also feel some dizziness due to the different positions of the three circumferences with respect to the wall. All these perceptions may disappear in as much as the work may be contemplated from other angles.
The question of spatial perception, which was fundamental to twentieth century artists, has been developed by Tom Carr in many of his recent creations. Thus, for instance, in Cycle et coïncidence, also done in 2002, the artist opts for a blue light installation, in which the essential form is once again circular. The effects of light on space cause the visitor-spectator to perceive a set of extraordinarily significant phenomena, as they tend to generate in him or her sensations of calmness, serenity and relaxation.
Just two years later, in 2004, Carr did a monumental piece, Peep-wheel, in stainless steel painted in red. There are numerous preparatory drawings, in which the enormous complexity of its structure can be noticed. Two concentric circumferences, linked by diagonal axes make it a piece capable of conferring dynamism to any landscape, be it rural or urban.
Especially interesting are the works in which Carr fragments circles, such as in Iris (2005), Expulsion (2006), Purple Iris (2006) and Jardin (2006). In all of them, the common denominator is that they are pieces made of wood painted in different colors, in which the sense of turning is very important. The idea of movement with a steady, rhythmic pace is linked to the very configuration of the works, as well as to their changing tonalities, respectively.
A work of singular character belonging to the year 2006 is Tiempo, of small format, made of wood painted in white with four incisions that fracture the circumference and turns it into a clear reference to a clock.
During the following year, Carr once again produced new pieces in painted wood and cord such as Location and Orange moment that could recall an idea expressed in the work Media naranja of 2005. However, this last one is not of wood, but of stainless steel and the form does not match a perfect circle, nor does it in Orange moment.
Cripsis belong to 2008 and they are light projections in circular forms, in diverse colors, created to be projected on the walls of the Céret Museum.
Symbolic explanation
Circle, circumference and circular movement possess, from a symbolic point of view, an analogous meaning, “The circle or disc” - Juan Eduardo Cirlot points out in his Diccionario de símbolos- “is frequently a solar emblem (…). It also matches number ten (a return to the unity after multiplicity), and therefore, it often symbolizes heaven and perfection or also eternity. This is why Jung says that the square, like the minimum plural number, represents the pluralist state of the man who has not reached inner unity (perfection), whereas the circle would correspond to such a final stage”.
Tom Carr first developed an interest for the circle, just as we have seen, in the early nineties. But, at the time, the artist used the circle in his works of sculpture as mere formal elements that would allow him to create “perfect” pieces from a compositional point of view. With the passing of time, however, Carr could realize that the circle was acquiring not only a greater presence in his creations, but also just as much intensity, to the point that it became the true main conceptual feature of certain pieces. Thus appeared, in 2002, Ad Infinitum, a magnificent work, through the title of which something about its possible meaning can already be intuited. Space and time are intensely related in it, in that the work – which has variable dimensions – can grow or decrease in space and time. It is neither coincidental at all that a mirror, which is also circular, is integrated in this work. About the mirror – according to J. E. Cirlot –, “it has been said that it is a symbol of imagination – or of conscience –, as capable of reproducing the reflections of the visible world in its formal reality. The mirror has been related to thought, in that thought – according to Scheler and other philosophers – is the organ of self-contemplation and a reflection of the universe”.
Two years later, Tom Carr did another monumental piece, Peep-wheel, in which the “wheel” can end up playing the role of the eye that looks, as the title of the sculpture itself indicates. The circle is once again the great protagonist, but this time it accentuates its turning capacity. For that reason, it is a wheel. The symbolism of the wheel, as Cirlot states in his Diccionario de símbolos, is linked to its solar and zodiacal character. Neither is it arbitrary that Carr conceives this work completely in red. Is it maybe to associate it with fire? Among all the wheels that exist in tradition, a most significant one is the wheel of flames, whose aim was to encourage the sun in its process and to keep away winter and death. “The wheel of fire symbolizes in synthesis (…) the cosmic forces in motion and time as a process”.
In Peep-wheel, on the other hand, the idea of the glance that springs from the wheel is associated to it. Here, we cannot but recall “Plotino’s expression: that the eye could not see the sun if it itself were not a sun in a way”. Furthermore, we must bear in mind that the sun, being light’s focus and light being “the symbol of intelligence and spirit, the act of seeing expresses a correspondence with a spiritual action and symbolizes, in consequence, understanding”.
Tom Carr in his evolution has wished to work increasingly more on these aspects and therefore, he has intensified his task as an artist creator of ambiances through light. In 2008 he carried out Cripsis for the Ceret Museum. In this work, light projections with circular configurations were shown at night on the facades of the museum in such a way that they would confer the facades a completely different character from the one they could have in the daylight. Colored illumination can be understood as an expression of the creative force, as genuine cosmic energy and irradiation. It is, ultimately, about gaining full awareness of something. It is, therefore, obvious that Tom Carr has experienced through his own evolution and his most recent artistic period a deep inner transformation that has led him to know himself and to enhance his spirituality.
Lourdes Cirlot
Professor of Art History and Vice-Chancellor of Arts, Culture and Heritage of the UB